Simulations of 47 Tuc show hierarchical mergers and occasional surviving primordial seeds above the pair-instability gap produce retained black holes of 45-1100 solar masses with distinct spin distributions, favoring a dark-remnant population over a single massive IMBH while remaining consistent the
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Five O4 gravitational-wave events prefer dynamical cluster formation; typical recoil kicks eject remnants from globular clusters but allow possible retention in nuclear star clusters, disfavoring efficient hierarchical growth in globular clusters.
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Repopulating the pair-instability mass gap without sustained growth to massive IMBHs: the case of 47\,Tuc
Simulations of 47 Tuc show hierarchical mergers and occasional surviving primordial seeds above the pair-instability gap produce retained black holes of 45-1100 solar masses with distinct spin distributions, favoring a dark-remnant population over a single massive IMBH while remaining consistent the
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Remnant recoil and host environments of GWTC-4.0 binary black-hole mergers
Five O4 gravitational-wave events prefer dynamical cluster formation; typical recoil kicks eject remnants from globular clusters but allow possible retention in nuclear star clusters, disfavoring efficient hierarchical growth in globular clusters.