Refines the spanning surface defect for knots in the 3-sphere and extends it to the 4-ball to compare dimensions, reframe non-orientable slice-torus bounds, and prove a connected sum formula.
Massey,Proof of a conjecture of Whitney, Pacific Journal of Mathematics 31(1969), no
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A Refinement of the Spanning Surface Defect in $3$ and $4$ Dimensions
Refines the spanning surface defect for knots in the 3-sphere and extends it to the 4-ball to compare dimensions, reframe non-orientable slice-torus bounds, and prove a connected sum formula.