The cancellation hypothesis shows how rollout-level rewards produce token-level credit assignment in critic-free RL through cancellation of opposing signals on shared tokens, with empirical support and batching interventions that enhance performance.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.03772 , year=
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ResRL decouples shared semantics between positive and negative responses in LLM reinforcement learning via SVD-based projection residuals, outperforming baselines including NSR by up to 9.4% on math reasoning benchmarks.
Hidden-Align adds an auxiliary loss to align hidden states of correct reasoning paths at the pre-answer token in RLVR, improving pass@1 by 3.8-6.2 points over DAPO on eight math benchmarks for Qwen3 models of 1.7B-14B scale.
CRPO modifies GRPO with three mechanisms—decoupling task and style rewards, adapting constraints to character complexity, and using generic responses as negative baselines—to improve character fidelity in role-playing agents.
HölderPO unifies token-level aggregation in GRPO via the Hölder mean with a tunable p parameter and annealing schedule, delivering 54.9% average accuracy on math benchmarks and 93.8% success on ALFWorld.
Survey mapping RL techniques onto LLM training and highlighting gaps in value-based, off-policy, and bootstrapping methods.
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ResRL: Boosting LLM Reasoning via Negative Sample Projection Residual Reinforcement Learning
ResRL decouples shared semantics between positive and negative responses in LLM reinforcement learning via SVD-based projection residuals, outperforming baselines including NSR by up to 9.4% on math reasoning benchmarks.
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Modularized Reinforcement Learning on LLMs: From MDP Creation to Exploration and Learning
Survey mapping RL techniques onto LLM training and highlighting gaps in value-based, off-policy, and bootstrapping methods.