The paper derives explicit finite-d break-even synthesis costs for qudit vs. qubit encodings of diagonal quadratic operators in product-formula and LCU simulations, identifying low-d regions where qudits yield savings.
Approaches to the sign problem in lattice field theory
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abstract
Quantum field theories (QFTs) at finite densities of matter generically involve complex actions. Standard Monte-Carlo simulations based upon importance sampling, which have been producing quantitative first principle results in particle physics for almost fourty years, cannot be applied in this case. Various strategies to overcome this so-called Sign Problem or Complex Action Problem were proposed during the last thirty years. We here review the sign problem in lattice field theories, focussing on two more recent methods: Dualization to world-line type of representations and the density-of-states approach.
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Fault-Tolerant Resource Comparison of Qudit and Qubit Encodings for Diagonal Quadratic Operators
The paper derives explicit finite-d break-even synthesis costs for qudit vs. qubit encodings of diagonal quadratic operators in product-formula and LCU simulations, identifying low-d regions where qudits yield savings.