Inserting a symmetry defect along the orientation-reversing cycle on a Klein bottle in a 2D Z2 SPT phase induces an extra ground state charge that persists at the transition to the trivial phase, causing exact two-fold degeneracy independent of system size.
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Transition between 2D Symmetry Protected Topological Phases on a Klein Bottle
Inserting a symmetry defect along the orientation-reversing cycle on a Klein bottle in a 2D Z2 SPT phase induces an extra ground state charge that persists at the transition to the trivial phase, causing exact two-fold degeneracy independent of system size.