Stable linear systems with nonlinear outputs exhibit nontrivial GOE to periodic inputs, with sign determined by convexity of the output map on the controllable subspace and explicit frequency-domain formulas for quadratic cases.
Cycle affinity and winding localize eigenvalues of Markov generators
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abstract
The complex eigenvalues of Markov generators govern oscillatory properties of relaxation, autocorrelation, and linear response. Here we show that these eigenvalues are localized by nonequilibrium cycles of the generator, thus revealing a fundamental tradeoff between thermodynamic driving, oscillation, and decay of eigenmodes. Specifically, we prove that each complex eigenvalue is confined to a region determined by the cycle affinity and the eigenvector ``winding number'' of some nonequilibrium cycle. In unicyclic systems, we also demonstrate that the winding number coincides with the ordered eigenvalue index, yielding new thermodynamic bounds on the slowest and fastest relaxation modes. In multicyclic systems, our approach unifies and extends several previous inequalities and proves the Uhl--Seifert ellipse conjecture.
years
2026 2verdicts
UNVERDICTED 2representative citing papers
Decomposes entropy production in OU processes into oscillatory and nonnormal parts with associated trade-offs, demonstrated on a bead-spring model.
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On the gain of entrainment in stable linear control systems with a nonlinear output
Stable linear systems with nonlinear outputs exhibit nontrivial GOE to periodic inputs, with sign determined by convexity of the output map on the controllable subspace and explicit frequency-domain formulas for quadratic cases.