80% of hateful tweets remain online after five months with no higher removal rate than non-hateful content, while human-AI moderation pipelines can feasibly cut user exposure below regulatory penalty costs.
Hale, Samuel Fraiberger, Victor Orozco-Olvera, and Paul R ¨ottger
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Closure of the Perspective API exposes structural dependence on a single proprietary toxicity scorer, leaving non-updatable benchmarks and irreproducible results while risking continued reliance on closed LLMs.
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The Enforcement and Feasibility of Hate Speech Moderation on Twitter
80% of hateful tweets remain online after five months with no higher removal rate than non-hateful content, while human-AI moderation pipelines can feasibly cut user exposure below regulatory penalty costs.