Under intense X-rays, water-covered silica nanoparticles produce H3+ ions, and the self-induced surface electric field controls how much H+, H2+, and H3+ forms.
TheIonizationofHydrogenbyElectronImpactasInterpretedbyPositive Ray Analysis.Physical Review26, 44–55 (1925)
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X-ray Driven Trihydrogen Formation on Silica Nanosurfaces
Under intense X-rays, water-covered silica nanoparticles produce H3+ ions, and the self-induced surface electric field controls how much H+, H2+, and H3+ forms.