Archival RV and astrometric data plus three-body simulations constrain an unseen outer perturber in the GJ 436 system to sub-Jovian masses at a_c ≳ 6.8 AU, supporting Kozai-Lidov migration as the source of the hot Neptune's polar eccentric orbit.
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Observational and Dynamical Constraints on an Unseen Outer Perturber in the GJ 436 Hot Neptune System
Archival RV and astrometric data plus three-body simulations constrain an unseen outer perturber in the GJ 436 system to sub-Jovian masses at a_c ≳ 6.8 AU, supporting Kozai-Lidov migration as the source of the hot Neptune's polar eccentric orbit.
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