In the Z3 heterotic orbifold, the modular symmetry of the Kähler modulus is Gamma(3), and the discrete flavor symmetry Delta(27) arises from misaligned U(1) gauge symmetries that become massless at different critical points.
Spontaneous breaking of SU(3) to finite family symmetries: a pedestrian's approach
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abstract
Non-Abelian discrete family symmetries play a pivotal role in the formulation of models with tri-bimaximal lepton mixing. We discuss how to obtain symmetries such as A4, semidirect product of Z7 and Z3, and Delta(27) from an underlying SU(3) gauge symmetry. Higher irreducible representations are required to achieve the spontaneous breaking of the continuous group. We present methods of identifying the required vacuum alignments and discuss in detail the symmetry breaking potentials.
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Flavor Symmetries and Winding Modes
In the Z3 heterotic orbifold, the modular symmetry of the Kähler modulus is Gamma(3), and the discrete flavor symmetry Delta(27) arises from misaligned U(1) gauge symmetries that become massless at different critical points.