Audit of ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity finds ~16% of cited sources are AI-generated across 712 queries on politics, health and environment.
arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.19163 , year=
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LLMs generate empathic responses using a predictable template of 10 tactics that matches 83-90% of outputs and covers most of each response, while human responses are more diverse.
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Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources
Audit of ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity finds ~16% of cited sources are AI-generated across 712 queries on politics, health and environment.
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AI generates well-liked but templatic empathic responses
LLMs generate empathic responses using a predictable template of 10 tactics that matches 83-90% of outputs and covers most of each response, while human responses are more diverse.