Leading order chiral perturbation theory yields the minimal energy condition for vortex nucleation in the pion condensed phase, with vortices carrying quantized angular momentum and self-confining pions.
Thermal Pions at Finite Isospin Chemical Potential
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abstract
The density corrections, in terms of the isospin chemical potential $\mu_I$, to the mass of the pions are studied in the framework of the SU(2) low energy effective chiral lagrangian. The pion decay constant $f_{\pi}(T, \mu_{I})$ is also analized. As a function of temperature for $\mu_I =0$, the mass remains quite stable, starting to grow for very high values of $T$, confirming previous results. However, there are interesting corrections to the mass when both effects (temperature and chemical potential) are simultaneously present. At zero temperature the $\pi ^{\pm}$ should condensate when $\mu_{I} = \mp m_{\pi}$. This is not longer valid anymore at finite $T$. The mass of the $\pi_0$ acquires also a non trivial dependence on $\mu_I$ due to the finite temperature.
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A pedagogical review of lattice QCD results on the thermodynamics of hot, dense, and magnetized QCD matter with an outlook on open questions.
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Thermodynamics of magnetized matter in hot and dense QCD
A pedagogical review of lattice QCD results on the thermodynamics of hot, dense, and magnetized QCD matter with an outlook on open questions.