Bumblebee gravity enhances primordial black hole abundance through three mechanisms, but the model harbors a ghost instability and a tachyonic instability that make it cosmologically unviable.
Primordial Regular Black Holes: Thermodynamics and Dark Matter
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abstract
The possibility that dark matter particles could be constituted by extreme regular primordial black holes is discussed. Extreme black holes have zero surface temperature, and are not subjected to the Hawking evaporation process. Assuming that the common horizon radius of these black holes is fixed by the minimum distance that is derived from the Riemann invariant computed from loop quantum gravity, the masses of these non-singular stable black holes are of the order of the Planck mass. However, if they are formed just after inflation, during reheating, their initial masses are about six orders of magnitude higher. After a short period of growth by the accretion of relativistic matter, they evaporate until reaching the extreme solution. Only a fraction of $3.8 \times 10^{-22}$ of relativistic matter is required to be converted into primordial black holes (PBHs) in order to explain the present abundance of dark matter particles.
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Repulsive-like primordial black holes in the Swiss-cheese framework produce quasi-de Sitter expansion, enabling inflation with evaporation reheating and acting as early dark energy for certain masses and densities.
citing papers explorer
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Primordial black hole in Lorentz-violating theories: Insights from Bumblebee gravity
Bumblebee gravity enhances primordial black hole abundance through three mechanisms, but the model harbors a ghost instability and a tachyonic instability that make it cosmologically unviable.
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Inflation driven by repulsive-like primordial black holes
Repulsive-like primordial black holes in the Swiss-cheese framework produce quasi-de Sitter expansion, enabling inflation with evaporation reheating and acting as early dark energy for certain masses and densities.