At finite temperature, a massive vector boson's longitudinal mode sheds part of its Goldstone component, which reappears as a branch cut that can be approximated as a massless quasi-Goldstone with a computed wave-function factor.
Thermal right-handed neutrino production rate in the non-relativistic regime
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abstract
We consider the next-to-leading order thermal production rate of heavy right-handed neutrinos in the non-relativistic regime m_top < pi*T << M, where m_top refers to the electroweak scale. Rephrasing the problem in an OPE language and making use of different techniques than a previous analysis by Salvio et al, we confirm the general structure of their result and many of the coefficients. We also extend the analysis to the next order in the non-relativistic expansion, thereby revealing the leading non-trivial momentum dependence, as well as to NNLO in couplings, revealing the leading sensitivity to thermal resummations. Our results are expressed as a sum of simple "master" structures, which renders them a suitable starting point for determining the next-to-leading order rate also in the relativistic regime pi*T ~ M.
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Structures of the Massive Vector Boson Propagators at Finite Temperature Illuminated by the Goldstone Equivalence Gauge
At finite temperature, a massive vector boson's longitudinal mode sheds part of its Goldstone component, which reappears as a branch cut that can be approximated as a massless quasi-Goldstone with a computed wave-function factor.