Ion-beam-treated pHEMA and p4VP films wrinkle only when water vapor is present afterward, and the wrinkling is attributed to water-driven swelling of the polymer bulk constrained by a stiff graphitized surface layer and the silicon substrate.
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Wrinkling in Selected Polymer Thin Films Induced by Combined Ion Beam and Humidity Exposure
Ion-beam-treated pHEMA and p4VP films wrinkle only when water vapor is present afterward, and the wrinkling is attributed to water-driven swelling of the polymer bulk constrained by a stiff graphitized surface layer and the silicon substrate.