Logic and accuracy, parallel, and passive testing cannot reliably detect BMDs that alter election outcomes, because the space of possible voter-machine interactions is enormous and the required sample sizes exceed typical jurisdiction turnout.
Can Voters Detect Malicious Manipulation of Ballot Marking Devices?
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They may look and look, yet not see: BMDs cannot be tested adequately
Logic and accuracy, parallel, and passive testing cannot reliably detect BMDs that alter election outcomes, because the space of possible voter-machine interactions is enormous and the required sample sizes exceed typical jurisdiction turnout.