An approximate cosine similarity estimator is constructed from elementwise angle-encoded two-qubit Hadamard tests, with non-negative bias and estimation error that decreases with vector dimension.
Cottent ion: Linear transformers with cosine attention
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Approximate Cosine Similarity Estimation via an Angle-Encoding Hadamard Test
An approximate cosine similarity estimator is constructed from elementwise angle-encoded two-qubit Hadamard tests, with non-negative bias and estimation error that decreases with vector dimension.