A layered gauging method constructs (k+1)-dimensional topological orders, including fracton models like the X-cube, from k-dimensional symmetries such as subsystem, anomalous, or noninvertible ones.
Gauging quantum states: from global to local symmetries in many-body systems
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abstract
We present an operational procedure to transform global symmetries into local symmetries at the level of individual quantum states, as opposed to typical gauging prescriptions for Hamiltonians or Lagrangians. We then construct a compatible gauging map for operators, which preserves locality and reproduces the minimal coupling scheme for simple operators. By combining this construction with the formalism of projected entangled-pair states (PEPS), we can show that an injective PEPS for the matter fields is gauged into a G-injective PEPS for the combined gauge-matter system, which potentially has topological order. We derive the corresponding parent Hamiltonian, which is a frustration free gauge theory Hamiltonian closely related to the Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian at zero coupling constant. We can then introduce gauge dynamics at finite values of the coupling constant by applying a local filtering operation. This scheme results in a low-parameter family of gauge invariant states of which we can accurately probe the phase diagram, as we illustrate by studying a Z2 gauge theory with Higgs matter.
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Gauging the 1-form symmetry in the X-Cube construction produces a web of relations to SPT phases with subsystem and higher-form symmetries plus subsystem symmetry fractionalization in the 3+1D toric code.
The emergence of the cosmological arrow of time is identified with a confinement-deconfinement transition in a Z2 lattice gauge theory on LQG spin networks, with the deconfined phase corresponding to a CZX-type SPT phase.
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Constructing Bulk Topological Orders via Layered Gauging
A layered gauging method constructs (k+1)-dimensional topological orders, including fracton models like the X-cube, from k-dimensional symmetries such as subsystem, anomalous, or noninvertible ones.
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There and Back Again: A Gauging Nexus between Topological and Fracton Phases
Gauging the 1-form symmetry in the X-Cube construction produces a web of relations to SPT phases with subsystem and higher-form symmetries plus subsystem symmetry fractionalization in the 3+1D toric code.
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Gauging Time Reversal Symmetry in Quantum Gravity: Arrow of Time from a Confinement--Deconfinement Transition
The emergence of the cosmological arrow of time is identified with a confinement-deconfinement transition in a Z2 lattice gauge theory on LQG spin networks, with the deconfined phase corresponding to a CZX-type SPT phase.