In small-budget RCTs where significance tests decide scale-up, optimal pilot sampling shifts from representative to single homogeneous subpopulation as budget shrinks.
How Generalizable Is Your Experiment? An Index for Comparing Ex- perimental Samples and Populations
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When Representative Samples Produce Worse Outcomes: Scale-up Decisions and Testing in Small-Budget RCTs
In small-budget RCTs where significance tests decide scale-up, optimal pilot sampling shifts from representative to single homogeneous subpopulation as budget shrinks.