PIV experiments and coupled modeling demonstrate that flows in evaporating droplets are driven by natural convection, not Marangoni flows, and that contamination models cannot account for flow reversal against the predicted gradient.
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2026 1verdicts
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A contaminant-concentration-dependent surface tension does not explain the absence of solutal Marangoni flow in evaporating droplets
PIV experiments and coupled modeling demonstrate that flows in evaporating droplets are driven by natural convection, not Marangoni flows, and that contamination models cannot account for flow reversal against the predicted gradient.