Scalar-tensor gravity admits a frame-invariant perfect-fluid description with zero temperature, so that general relativity corresponds to diffusive equilibrium for both minimal and nonminimal theories.
First-order thermodynamics of scalar-tensor cosmology,
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Eckart heat flux holds for all timelike scalar configurations in F(Φ,X)R + G theories if and only if F_X ≡ 0, reducing the theory to a Jordan-like subclass of Horndeski.
Jordan-frame multi-scalar-tensor gravity admits an Eckart-like first-order thermodynamic description whose heat flux and residual gradient sector are not generically reducible to a single KT-type quantity.
Scalar and tensor perturbations in Jordan-frame scalar-tensor gravity admit an exact linear-order Eckart effective-fluid description, with gravitational-wave damping governed by the scalar sector's transverse-traceless anisotropic stress.
A causal Israel–Stewart extension of scalar-tensor thermodynamics is constructed via a timelike heat-flux ansatz, enabling the first explicit split of K and T in Bianchi I and FLRW universes.
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Frame invariant diffusive formulation of scalar-tensor gravity
Scalar-tensor gravity admits a frame-invariant perfect-fluid description with zero temperature, so that general relativity corresponds to diffusive equilibrium for both minimal and nonminimal theories.
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Eckart heat-flux applicability in $F(\Phi,X)R$ theories and the existence of temperature gradients
Eckart heat flux holds for all timelike scalar configurations in F(Φ,X)R + G theories if and only if F_X ≡ 0, reducing the theory to a Jordan-like subclass of Horndeski.
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First-order thermodynamics of multi-scalar-tensor gravity
Jordan-frame multi-scalar-tensor gravity admits an Eckart-like first-order thermodynamic description whose heat flux and residual gradient sector are not generically reducible to a single KT-type quantity.
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Thermal channels of scalar and tensor waves in Jordan-frame scalar--tensor gravity
Scalar and tensor perturbations in Jordan-frame scalar-tensor gravity admit an exact linear-order Eckart effective-fluid description, with gravitational-wave damping governed by the scalar sector's transverse-traceless anisotropic stress.
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Towards a causal effective thermodynamics of scalar-tensor gravity
A causal Israel–Stewart extension of scalar-tensor thermodynamics is constructed via a timelike heat-flux ansatz, enabling the first explicit split of K and T in Bianchi I and FLRW universes.