Coleman's puzzles are solved: at θ=π with equal masses the model shows spontaneous charge conjugation breaking and no confinement with mass gap ~m exp(-0.111 g²/m²) at strong coupling; at θ=0 a level crossing occurs between isosinglet states; isospin-breaking effects are quantified for unequal mass.
Bosonized Massive N-flavor Schwinger Model
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abstract
The massive N-flavor Schwinger model is analyzed by the bosonization method. The problem is reduced to the quantum mechanics of N degrees of freedom in which the potential needs to be self-consistently determined by its ground-state wave function and spectrum with given values of the $\theta$ parameter, fermion masses, and temperature. Boson masses and fermion chiral condensates are evaluated. In the N=1 model the anomalous behavior is found at $\theta \sim \pi$ and $m/\mu \sim 0.4$. In the N=3 model an asymmetry in fermion masses $(m_1 < m_2 \ll m_3)$ removes the singularity at $\theta=\pi$ and T=0. The chiral condensates at $\theta=0$ are insensitive to the asymmetry in fermion masses, but are significantly sensitive at $\theta=\pi$. The resultant picture is similar to that obtained in QCD by the chiral Lagrangian method.
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Twisted mass fermions in the Hamiltonian two-flavor Schwinger model yield O(a) improvement and milder finite-volume effects once mass renormalization tunes the system to maximal twist.
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The two-flavor Schwinger model at 50: Solving Coleman's puzzles
Coleman's puzzles are solved: at θ=π with equal masses the model shows spontaneous charge conjugation breaking and no confinement with mass gap ~m exp(-0.111 g²/m²) at strong coupling; at θ=0 a level crossing occurs between isosinglet states; isospin-breaking effects are quantified for unequal mass.
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Fermion Discretization Effects in the Two-Flavor Lattice Schwinger Model: A Study with Matrix Product States
Twisted mass fermions in the Hamiltonian two-flavor Schwinger model yield O(a) improvement and milder finite-volume effects once mass renormalization tunes the system to maximal twist.