Middle-aged PWNe exhibit diverse reverberation-phase evolution but converge to Sedov-like states; 2D instabilities increase apparent size by up to 50% without changing global dynamics, supporting 1D model robustness.
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Fermi-LAT and CO data support a hadronic PeVatron scenario for LHAASO J1912+1014u with proton index ~2.2 and total energy (1-5) x 10^49 erg above 1 GeV.
Multi-instrument analysis interprets HESS J1857+026 as a pulsar wind nebula with age 16-21 kyr and B-field 0.4-1.6 μG, plus possible hadronic emission below 10 GeV and suppressed local diffusion.
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Hadronic Scenario for Galactic PeVatron LHAASO J1912+1014u Supported by Fermi-LAT $\gamma$-ray Data and FUGIN CO Data
Fermi-LAT and CO data support a hadronic PeVatron scenario for LHAASO J1912+1014u with proton index ~2.2 and total energy (1-5) x 10^49 erg above 1 GeV.