Hierarchical quark masses imply a non-redundant, ordered, family-unified flavor structure that can replace the Standard Model's Yukawa interactions.
(77) Thus, the CKM mixing matrix up to O(h2) can be written as: VCKM = h Su δ Rδ(θu) i diag(eiλ1 , eiλ2 , 1) h Sd δ Rδ(θd) iT
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Dual Revelations of Quark Mass Hierarchies
Hierarchical quark masses imply a non-redundant, ordered, family-unified flavor structure that can replace the Standard Model's Yukawa interactions.