Audit of ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity finds ~16% of cited sources are AI-generated across 712 queries on politics, health and environment.
(2025).News Source Citing Patterns in AI Search Systems
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A measurement study of 602 prompts across ChatGPT, Google AI Overview, and Perplexity finds that citation selection breadth and absorption depth diverge, with high-influence pages being longer, structured, and evidence-rich.
citing papers explorer
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Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated Sources
Audit of ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini and Perplexity finds ~16% of cited sources are AI-generated across 712 queries on politics, health and environment.
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From Citation Selection to Citation Absorption: A Measurement Framework for Generative Engine Optimization Across AI Search Platforms
A measurement study of 602 prompts across ChatGPT, Google AI Overview, and Perplexity finds that citation selection breadth and absorption depth diverge, with high-influence pages being longer, structured, and evidence-rich.