3D wind-tunnel simulations in the χ~10^3 regime show clump-cocoon geometry sets SB_X/SB_Hα~3, with Hα fraction fixed by atomic physics and X-ray fraction set by residence time in the X-ray band that scales inversely with pressure.
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Ancient cosmic ray halos from the central galaxy boost Perseus's cool core via inverse-Compton scattering, simultaneously explaining radio minihalo, giant halo, X-ray properties, and gamma-ray data without re-acceleration.
Cosmic ray transport requires a propagator P(k,s) that encodes memory and non-diffusive behaviors rather than being reduced to a single diffusion coefficient.
Multiphase ISM simulations show PeV cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients reach 10^30 cm^2 s^-1, with perpendicular transport boosted at thermal phase boundaries while overall transport is controlled by trans-Alfvenic warm and unstable gas.
Wolf-Rayet star clusters show a marginal spatial correlation with unidentified GeV gamma-ray sources, with 11 new cluster associations and 4 isolated WR stars identified as potential emitters from wind termination shocks.
Oblique shocks in massive star clusters accelerate cosmic rays to multi-PeV energies, reproducing the LHAASO-observed knee as a sequence of rigidity-dependent cutoffs from combined supernova and wind shocks.
Numerical transport modeling of the Cygnus Bubble finds that spatially dependent Bohm diffusion and strong suppression of the diffusion coefficient over at least 150 pc are required to match the observed gamma-ray spectrum and morphology, implying extreme assumptions for steady hadronic acceleration
Alternative ISRF models produce only modest changes to the LHAASO diffuse gamma-ray fit; the associated pp neutrinos remain consistent with IceCube all-sky data and compatible with ANTARES/KM3NeT limits.
A review summarizing pitfalls in older CR-MHD models and progress toward more rigorous treatments that connect microphysical CR scales to galactic dynamics.
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Beyond the Diffusion Coefficient: Propagators and Memory in Cosmic Ray Transport
Cosmic ray transport requires a propagator P(k,s) that encodes memory and non-diffusive behaviors rather than being reduced to a single diffusion coefficient.