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Classification of differentiable structures on the non-Hausdorff line with two origins

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We classify differentiable structures on a line $\mathbb{L}$ with two origins being a non-Hausdorff but $T_1$ one-dimensional manifold obtained by ``doubling'' $0$. For $k\in\mathbb{N}\cup\{\infty\}$ let $H$ be the group of homeomorphisms $h$ of $\mathbb{R}$ such that $h(0)=0$ and the restriction of $h$ to $\mathbb{R}\setminus0$ is a $\mathcal{C}^{k}$-diffeomorphism. Let also $D$ be the subgroup of $H$ consisting of $\mathcal{C}^{k}$-diffeomorphisms of $\mathbb{R}$ also fixing $0$. It is shown that there is a natural bijection between $\mathcal{C}^{k}$-structures on $\mathbb{L}$ (up to a $\mathcal{C}^{k}$-diffeomorphism fixing both origins) and double $D$-coset classes $D \setminus H / D = \{ D h D \mid h \in H\}$. Moreover, the set of all $\mathcal{C}^{k}$-structures on $\mathbb{L}$ (up to a $\mathcal{C}^{k}$-diffeomorphism which may also exchange origins) are in one-to-one correspondence with the set of double $(D,\pm)$-coset classes $D \setminus H^{\pm} / D = \{ D h D \cup D h^{-1} D \mid h \in H\}$. In particular, in contrast with the real line, the line with two origins $\mathbb{L}$ admits uncountably many pair-wise non-diffeomorphic $\mathcal{C}^{k}$-structures for each $k=1,2,\ldots,\infty$.

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Differentiable structures on a union of two open sets

math.DG · 2025-07-07 · conditional · novelty 6.0

For each r, the C^r structures on the non-Hausdorff letter Y are in bijection with certain diffeomorphism-group double cosets, yielding uncountably many non-diffeomorphic structures.

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  • Differentiable structures on a union of two open sets math.DG · 2025-07-07 · conditional · none · ref 12 · internal anchor

    For each r, the C^r structures on the non-Hausdorff letter Y are in bijection with certain diffeomorphism-group double cosets, yielding uncountably many non-diffeomorphic structures.