All tree-level unitarity conditions in spin-≤1 theories are captured by four- and five-point amplitudes and can be diagnosed from particle content alone.
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The Stueckelberg Field
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abstract
In 1938, Stueckelberg introduced a scalar field which makes an Abelian gauge theory massive but preserves gauge invariance. The Stueckelberg mechanism is the introduction of new fields to reveal a symmetry of a gauge--fixed theory. We first review the Stueckelberg mechanism in the massive Abelian gauge theory. We then extend this idea to the standard model, stueckelberging the hypercharge U(1) and thus giving a mass to the physical photon. This introduces an infrared regulator for the photon in the standard electroweak theory, along with a modification of the weak mixing angle accompanied by a plethora of new effects. Notably, neutrinos couple to the photon and charged leptons have also a pseudo-vector coupling. Finally, we review the historical influence of Stueckelberg's 1938 idea, which led to applications in many areas not anticipated by the author, such as strings. We describe the numerous proposals to generalize the Stueckelberg trick to the non-Abelian case with the aim to find alternatives to the standard model. Nevertheless, the Higgs mechanism in spontaneous symmetry breaking remains the only presently known way to give masses to non-Abelian vector fields in a renormalizable and unitary theory.
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Develops a Stueckelberg formulation of MOG that makes the vector field gauge-invariant via a scalar compensator, decoupling vector mass from gravitational coupling evolution.
Constant electric fields in de Sitter require a tachyonic photon mass ~H, yielding finite positive Schwinger currents for massless fermions and scalars after on-shell renormalization.
Weyl x SU(2)L x U(1)Y gauge theory with quadratic curvature generates Einstein-Hilbert action, Higgs potential, and Standard Model masses via spontaneous Weyl symmetry breaking.
The Minkowski limit of pure R² gravity is reinterpreted as a thermal singularity via scalar-tensor to Eckart fluid analogy, showing infinite departure from GR rather than recovery.
Introduces an additional vector field to obtain gauge-invariant versions of the Proca and Yang-Mills-Proca equations.
Develops a holographic realization of approximate higher-form symmetries via massive antisymmetric tensor fields and derives dualities between boundary theories from bulk Hodge dualities, including constraints on current-current correlators for self-dual cases.
Canonical quantization of Proca field in Schwarzschild background with Dirac brackets, Hawking spectrum from Unruh vacuum, and numerical evaluation of condensate in three vacua.
Stueckelberg restoration converts deformed Abelian reducible gauge theories to invariant form, enabling ghost quantization and one-loop effective action computation for massive fermionic tensor fields in AdS as functional determinants of Dirac operators.
Derives a generic chiral anomaly formula incorporating multiple Feynman diagrams, from which abelian, singlet, consistent, and covariant forms follow, with topological discussion and FeynCalc code.
A metric-affine-like generalization of Yang-Mills theory adds new interacting fields B_a, h, G_ab and N_a that become massive after spontaneous breaking of GL(n,C) to U(n) and recover standard YM when the mass scale goes to infinity.
Updated constraints on two simplified dark matter models for the Galactic Center Excess leave unconstrained parameter space after applying recent multi-experiment data.
The paper surveys theoretical motivations, experimental searches, and bounds on the dark photon as a kinetically mixed gauge boson from a dark sector, covering both massive and massless cases along with related milli-charged fermion constraints.
citing papers explorer
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Explicit Conditions for Diagnosing Tree-Level Unitarity
All tree-level unitarity conditions in spin-≤1 theories are captured by four- and five-point amplitudes and can be diagnosed from particle content alone.
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Stueckelberg Gauge Invariant Formulation of MOG
Develops a Stueckelberg formulation of MOG that makes the vector field gauge-invariant via a scalar compensator, decoupling vector mass from gravitational coupling evolution.
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Classical constant electric fields and the Schwinger effect in de Sitter
Constant electric fields in de Sitter require a tachyonic photon mass ~H, yielding finite positive Schwinger currents for massless fermions and scalars after on-shell renormalization.
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Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and the Emergent Einstein-Standard Model: From Weyl x SU (2)L x U (1)Y Gauge Theory to Geometric Mass Generation
Weyl x SU(2)L x U(1)Y gauge theory with quadratic curvature generates Einstein-Hilbert action, Higgs potential, and Standard Model masses via spontaneous Weyl symmetry breaking.
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New interpretation of the Minkowski limit of $R^2$ gravity
The Minkowski limit of pure R² gravity is reinterpreted as a thermal singularity via scalar-tensor to Eckart fluid analogy, showing infinite departure from GR rather than recovery.
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Gauge invariant generalizations of the Proca equation and the Yang-Mills-Proca equation
Introduces an additional vector field to obtain gauge-invariant versions of the Proca and Yang-Mills-Proca equations.
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Approximate higher-form symmetries and dualities of massive p-forms in the holographic bulk
Develops a holographic realization of approximate higher-form symmetries via massive antisymmetric tensor fields and derives dualities between boundary theories from bulk Hodge dualities, including constraints on current-current correlators for self-dual cases.
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Canonical quantization of massive vector field in Schwarzschild black hole background
Canonical quantization of Proca field in Schwarzschild background with Dirac brackets, Hawking spectrum from Unruh vacuum, and numerical evaluation of condensate in three vacua.
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On a quantization of deformed reducible gauge theories
Stueckelberg restoration converts deformed Abelian reducible gauge theories to invariant form, enabling ghost quantization and one-loop effective action computation for massive fermionic tensor fields in AdS as functional determinants of Dirac operators.
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The Polymorphic Chiral Anomaly
Derives a generic chiral anomaly formula incorporating multiple Feynman diagrams, from which abelian, singlet, consistent, and covariant forms follow, with topological discussion and FeynCalc code.
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"Metric-affine-like" generalization of YM (mal-YM): detailed classical consideration
A metric-affine-like generalization of Yang-Mills theory adds new interacting fields B_a, h, G_ab and N_a that become massive after spontaneous breaking of GL(n,C) to U(n) and recover standard YM when the mass scale goes to infinity.
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Testing Viability of Benchmark Dark Matter Models for the Galactic Center Excess
Updated constraints on two simplified dark matter models for the Galactic Center Excess leave unconstrained parameter space after applying recent multi-experiment data.
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The Dark Photon
The paper surveys theoretical motivations, experimental searches, and bounds on the dark photon as a kinetically mixed gauge boson from a dark sector, covering both massive and massless cases along with related milli-charged fermion constraints.