In 1-3B instruction-tuned LMs on GSM8K, arithmetic CoT readout is dominated by positional copying of the trailing number before the answer delimiter, accounting for 54-92 percentage points of accuracy.
How to think step-by-step
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Counterfactual prompting effects on LLMs are often indistinguishable from those caused by meaning-preserving paraphrases, causing most previously reported demographic sensitivities to disappear under proper statistical comparison.
RLVR drives a concept network in LLMs through nucleation and freezing into inverse trees that support slow thinking, and intervening with brief SFT at peak frustration outperforms standard RLVR while post-freeze SFT causes forgetting.
Sparse autoencoders plus greedy filtering and factorization-machine interaction modeling identify minimal sets of features in Gemma-2-2B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT whose ablation produces jailbreaks by flipping refusal to compliance.
ShadowCoT introduces a reasoning-level backdoor attack on LLMs achieving 94.4% attack success rate and 88.4% hijacking success rate with 0.15% parameter updates via internal state conditioning and reasoning chain pollution.
citing papers explorer
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The Readout Shortcut: Positional Number Copying Dominates Arithmetic CoT Readout in Small Language Models
In 1-3B instruction-tuned LMs on GSM8K, arithmetic CoT readout is dominated by positional copying of the trailing number before the answer delimiter, accounting for 54-92 percentage points of accuracy.
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Compared to What? Baselines and Metrics for Counterfactual Prompting
Counterfactual prompting effects on LLMs are often indistinguishable from those caused by meaning-preserving paraphrases, causing most previously reported demographic sensitivities to disappear under proper statistical comparison.
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Emergent Slow Thinking in LLMs as Inverse Tree Freezing
RLVR drives a concept network in LLMs through nucleation and freezing into inverse trees that support slow thinking, and intervening with brief SFT at peak frustration outperforms standard RLVR while post-freeze SFT causes forgetting.
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Beyond I'm Sorry, I Can't: Dissecting Large Language Model Refusal
Sparse autoencoders plus greedy filtering and factorization-machine interaction modeling identify minimal sets of features in Gemma-2-2B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT whose ablation produces jailbreaks by flipping refusal to compliance.
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ShadowCoT: Cognitive Hijacking for Stealthy Reasoning Backdoors in LLMs
ShadowCoT introduces a reasoning-level backdoor attack on LLMs achieving 94.4% attack success rate and 88.4% hijacking success rate with 0.15% parameter updates via internal state conditioning and reasoning chain pollution.