Above a critical area, a complex scalar on a torus with flux M develops a non-zero coordinate-dependent vacuum expectation value, yielding 1, 2, or 6 degenerate configurations for M=1,2,3 in the lowest-mode approximation.
Spontaneou sly broken translational invariance of compactified space
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Vacuum structure of a scalar field on a torus with uniform magnetic flux
Above a critical area, a complex scalar on a torus with flux M develops a non-zero coordinate-dependent vacuum expectation value, yielding 1, 2, or 6 degenerate configurations for M=1,2,3 in the lowest-mode approximation.