Higher-Mach-number self-similar shock solutions in failed supernovae are unstable and strengthen asymptotically above a critical neutrino mass-loss threshold, explaining greater ejection in red supergiants versus compact progenitors.
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Stellar evolution and atmosphere models predict black hole progenitors are predominantly hot and blue with a direct-collapse rate of ~0.4 per century in a 1 Msun/yr star-forming galaxy.
N6946-BH1's remnant is roughly 10 times fainter than its progenitor while stellar merger remnants are 10-100 times brighter, and asymmetric dust cannot explain the difference.
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On the Origin of Mass Ejection in Failed Supernovae
Higher-Mach-number self-similar shock solutions in failed supernovae are unstable and strengthen asymptotically above a critical neutrino mass-loss threshold, explaining greater ejection in red supergiants versus compact progenitors.