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How to Construct Deep Recurrent Neural Networks

5 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.

5 Pith papers citing it
abstract

In this paper, we explore different ways to extend a recurrent neural network (RNN) to a \textit{deep} RNN. We start by arguing that the concept of depth in an RNN is not as clear as it is in feedforward neural networks. By carefully analyzing and understanding the architecture of an RNN, however, we find three points of an RNN which may be made deeper; (1) input-to-hidden function, (2) hidden-to-hidden transition and (3) hidden-to-output function. Based on this observation, we propose two novel architectures of a deep RNN which are orthogonal to an earlier attempt of stacking multiple recurrent layers to build a deep RNN (Schmidhuber, 1992; El Hihi and Bengio, 1996). We provide an alternative interpretation of these deep RNNs using a novel framework based on neural operators. The proposed deep RNNs are empirically evaluated on the tasks of polyphonic music prediction and language modeling. The experimental result supports our claim that the proposed deep RNNs benefit from the depth and outperform the conventional, shallow RNNs.

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representative citing papers

Pointer Sentinel Mixture Models

cs.CL · 2016-09-26 · conditional · novelty 7.0

Pointer sentinel-LSTM mixes context copying with softmax prediction to reach 70.9 perplexity on Penn Treebank using fewer parameters than standard LSTMs.

Pretraining Recurrent Networks without Recurrence

cs.LG · 2026-06-04 · conditional · novelty 4.0

SMT trains nonlinear RNNs by imitating one-step memory-transition labels generated by a Transformer, replacing BPTT's unrolled credit assignment with time-parallel supervised learning.

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