3D simulations in an expanding background show cosmic expansion drives nonlinear growth that amplifies gravitational-wave spectra from slow phase transitions by factors of 10 to 100.
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Detecting gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions with LISA: an update
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abstract
We investigate the potential for observing gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions with LISA in light of recent theoretical and experimental developments. Our analysis is based on current state-of-the-art simulations of sound waves in the cosmic fluid after the phase transition completes. We discuss the various sources of gravitational radiation, the underlying parameters describing the phase transition and a variety of viable particle physics models in this context, clarifying common misconceptions that appear in the literature and identifying open questions requiring future study. We also present a web-based tool, PTPlot, that allows users to obtain up-to-date detection prospects for a given set of phase transition parameters at LISA.
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representative citing papers
First non-perturbative lattice computation of seeded bubble nucleation rate in the cubic anisotropy model agrees with semi-classical EFT prediction on domain walls including fluctuation determinant.
The paper derives a quantitative relationship showing that the Kerr parameter a_* of PBHs from first-order phase transitions increases with latent heat α and decreases with transition rate β, reaching typical values of 10^{-3}.
Bubble collisions in a seesaw model produce right-handed neutrinos that source novel gravitational waves detectable by LISA, ET, and LVK while allowing the lightest RHN to explain dark matter or enable leptogenesis.
Defines peak-integrated sensitivity curves (PISCs) that fold in the expected spectral shape of gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions and supplies semianalytical fits plus public data for major detectors.
Dynamical LTE simulations reveal that heating wave formation often outlasts wall acceleration, yielding a revised maximal driving pressure criterion that weakens hydrodynamic obstruction compared to steady-state models.
A minimal dark SU(2)_D model with anomaly cancellation and Z4 symmetry generates a rank-two Dirac neutrino mass matrix enforcing one exactly massless neutrino.
Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark matter for specific parameter ranges with associated gravitational wave peaks in LISA,
AM-CW lunar laser ranging achieves μHz SGWB sensitivity of 5.29×10^{-9} D_cov (80 μm range uncertainty) or 2.07×10^{-9} D_cov (50 μm) over 5 years, with discovery possible if covariance degradation stays below ~3.6-13.7.
Collapsing axion-like domain walls generate the baryon asymmetry by acting as an effective chemical potential through coupling to the electroweak topological term, with the asymmetry produced via sphaleron processes.
Domain wall annihilation imprints a two-peaked spectrum on induced gravitational waves via an early matter-dominated phase and entropy dilution.
Matchotter automates one-loop finite-temperature dimensional reduction and supersoft matching for generic Lagrangians using functional techniques.
Low-scale leptogenesis becomes viable in the neutrino seesaw framework when a first-order electroweak phase transition allows sphalerons to convert lepton asymmetry into baryon asymmetry at temperatures below the Standard Model decoupling point.
Covariant analysis of curvature perturbations from first-order phase transitions reveals gauge-dependent overestimation of primordial black holes and gravitational waves in prior non-covariant calculations, leading to strong suppression of both signals.
First-order gradient CP-violating sources in EWBG quantum transport relax electron EDM bounds and increase viability compared to prior approximations in a model illustration.
HydroGrav code computes self-similar fluid profiles and GW spectra using exact EOS from effective potentials for EWPT models, identifying parameter regions in a Z2 SM extension where simplified EOS differ in amplitude and shape, with LISA SNR estimates.
Radiative barriers in SUSY flat directions enable supercooled PTs yielding Ω_GW h² up to ~3e-10 for M_λ̃/v_X in 0.05-0.23, with the hidden sector also reproducing Ω_CDM h²=0.12 for m_q ~30-800 keV.
Slow reheating after a supercooled first-order phase transition allows an early matter-dominated era in which small curvature perturbations grow sufficiently to form primordial black holes.
Bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition at the end of inflation can generate the observed dark matter abundance in a restricted region of parameter space via direct production and spectator decays.
ALP-assisted first-order phase transitions can explain observed intergalactic magnetic fields and produce detectable gravitational waves, linking cosmology with particle physics searches.
Multi-field tunneling analysis in a CP-violating NJL model yields a slow transition (β/H ~ 100) whose stochastic gravitational-wave signal is detectable by μAres and insensitive to the CP angle.
High-quality axion models with N_DW=1 and dark matter abundance requirement restrict the gauge breaking scale to 1.6e11-1e16 GeV, yielding a band of gravitational wave signals from two-step phase transitions consistent with current observations.
Classically conformal SU(2)_X model with triplet dark scalar yields viable WIMP and supercooled DM parameter spaces whose production histories are set by the model's first-order phase transition, with gravitational waves as a common probe.
Frequency-domain simulations of the Taiji mission, including noise and foregrounds, demonstrate that the stochastic gravitational wave background from an electroweak phase transition can constrain Higgs cubic and quartic self-couplings in a singlet-extended Standard Model despite degeneracies.
citing papers explorer
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Nonlinear growth and amplification of phase-transition gravitational waves induced by cosmic expansion
3D simulations in an expanding background show cosmic expansion drives nonlinear growth that amplifies gravitational-wave spectra from slow phase transitions by factors of 10 to 100.
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Seeded bubble nucleation on the lattice
First non-perturbative lattice computation of seeded bubble nucleation rate in the cubic anisotropy model agrees with semi-classical EFT prediction on domain walls including fluctuation determinant.
-
Primordial black holes spin from cosmological first-order phase transitions
The paper derives a quantitative relationship showing that the Kerr parameter a_* of PBHs from first-order phase transitions increases with latent heat α and decreases with transition rate β, reaching typical values of 10^{-3}.
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Cosmic Collider Gravitational Waves sourced by Right-handed Neutrino production from Bubbles: Testing Seesaw, Leptogenesis and Dark Matter
Bubble collisions in a seesaw model produce right-handed neutrinos that source novel gravitational waves detectable by LISA, ET, and LVK while allowing the lightest RHN to explain dark matter or enable leptogenesis.
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New Sensitivity Curves for Gravitational-Wave Signals from Cosmological Phase Transitions
Defines peak-integrated sensitivity curves (PISCs) that fold in the expected spectral shape of gravitational waves from cosmological phase transitions and supplies semianalytical fits plus public data for major detectors.
-
Dynamical evolution of the pressure on the bubble wall
Dynamical LTE simulations reveal that heating wave formation often outlasts wall acceleration, yielding a revised maximal driving pressure criterion that weakens hydrodynamic obstruction compared to steady-state models.
-
A Minimal Dark $SU(2)$ Origin of a Massless Dirac Neutrino
A minimal dark SU(2)_D model with anomaly cancellation and Z4 symmetry generates a rank-two Dirac neutrino mass matrix enforcing one exactly massless neutrino.
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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from first-order phase transitions and domain wall annihilation induce curvature fluctuations at second order that form primordial black holes, allowing asteroid-mass PBHs to comprise all dark matter for specific parameter ranges with associated gravitational wave peaks in LISA,
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High-Power AM-CW Lunar Laser Ranging as a $\mu$Hz SGWB Detector
AM-CW lunar laser ranging achieves μHz SGWB sensitivity of 5.29×10^{-9} D_cov (80 μm range uncertainty) or 2.07×10^{-9} D_cov (50 μm) over 5 years, with discovery possible if covariance degradation stays below ~3.6-13.7.
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Electroweak Baryogenesis from Collapsing Domain Walls
Collapsing axion-like domain walls generate the baryon asymmetry by acting as an effective chemical potential through coupling to the electroweak topological term, with the asymmetry produced via sphaleron processes.
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Imprint of domain wall annihilation on induced gravitational waves
Domain wall annihilation imprints a two-peaked spectrum on induced gravitational waves via an early matter-dominated phase and entropy dilution.
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Matchotter: An Automated Tool for Dimensional Reduction at Finite Temperature
Matchotter automates one-loop finite-temperature dimensional reduction and supersoft matching for generic Lagrangians using functional techniques.
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Exploring Leptogenesis in the Era of First Order Electroweak Phase Transition
Low-scale leptogenesis becomes viable in the neutrino seesaw framework when a first-order electroweak phase transition allows sphalerons to convert lepton asymmetry into baryon asymmetry at temperatures below the Standard Model decoupling point.
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Curvature Perturbations from First-Order Phase Transitions: Implications to Black Holes and Gravitational Waves
Covariant analysis of curvature perturbations from first-order phase transitions reveals gauge-dependent overestimation of primordial black holes and gravitational waves in prior non-covariant calculations, leading to strong suppression of both signals.
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Does the Electron EDM Preclude Electroweak Baryogenesis ?
First-order gradient CP-violating sources in EWBG quantum transport relax electron EDM bounds and increase viability compared to prior approximations in a model illustration.
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HydroGrav: Precise hydrodynamics and gravitational waves for cosmological phase transitions
HydroGrav code computes self-similar fluid profiles and GW spectra using exact EOS from effective potentials for EWPT models, identifying parameter regions in a Z2 SM extension where simplified EOS differ in amplitude and shape, with LISA SNR estimates.
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Natural Supercooling and Reheating along Supersymmetric Flat Directions and Observable Gravitational Waves at the Einstein Telescope and the Cosmic Explorer
Radiative barriers in SUSY flat directions enable supercooled PTs yielding Ω_GW h² up to ~3e-10 for M_λ̃/v_X in 0.05-0.23, with the hidden sector also reproducing Ω_CDM h²=0.12 for m_q ~30-800 keV.
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Reviving primordial black hole formation in slow first-order phase transitions
Slow reheating after a supercooled first-order phase transition allows an early matter-dominated era in which small curvature perturbations grow sufficiently to form primordial black holes.
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Dark Matter Production from Bubble Collisions during a First-Order Phase Transition at the End of Inflation
Bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition at the end of inflation can generate the observed dark matter abundance in a restricted region of parameter space via direct production and spectator decays.
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Primordial Magnetogenesis and Gravitational Waves from ALP-assisted Phase Transition
ALP-assisted first-order phase transitions can explain observed intergalactic magnetic fields and produce detectable gravitational waves, linking cosmology with particle physics searches.
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CP-violating multi-field phase transitions and gravitational waves in a hidden NJL sector
Multi-field tunneling analysis in a CP-violating NJL model yields a slow transition (β/H ~ 100) whose stochastic gravitational-wave signal is detectable by μAres and insensitive to the CP angle.
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Probing High-Quality Axions with Gravitational Waves
High-quality axion models with N_DW=1 and dark matter abundance requirement restrict the gauge breaking scale to 1.6e11-1e16 GeV, yielding a band of gravitational wave signals from two-step phase transitions consistent with current observations.
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Dark matter in classically conformal theories: WIMP and supercooling
Classically conformal SU(2)_X model with triplet dark scalar yields viable WIMP and supercooled DM parameter spaces whose production histories are set by the model's first-order phase transition, with gravitational waves as a common probe.
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Measuring gravitational wave spectrum from electroweak phase transition and Higgs self-couplings
Frequency-domain simulations of the Taiji mission, including noise and foregrounds, demonstrate that the stochastic gravitational wave background from an electroweak phase transition can constrain Higgs cubic and quartic self-couplings in a singlet-extended Standard Model despite degeneracies.
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Finite-temperature Yang-Mills theories with the density of states method: towards the continuum limit
Density-of-states lattice study of the first-order phase transition in Sp(4) Yang-Mills theory at finite temperature, confirming metastability and surface tension for two temporal extents toward the continuum limit.
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Gravitational Wave Signature and the Nature of Neutrino Masses: Majorana, Dirac, or Pseudo-Dirac?
In the minimal B-L gauge extension, Majorana neutrinos at high breaking scale produce flat GW spectra from cosmic strings, Dirac at low scale produce peaked spectra from first-order phase transitions, and pseudo-Dirac produce kink features from domain wall annihilation.
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Primordial black holes and magnetic fields in conformal neutrino mass models
Conformal U(1)' seesaw models produce PBHs contributing to dark matter and helical magnetic fields at seesaw scales of 10^4-10^11 GeV, with observable GW, microlensing, and Hawking signals at LISA, Roman, and future gamma-ray telescopes.
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Probing radiative electroweak symmetry breaking with colliders and gravitational waves
Radiative electroweak symmetry breaking with a logarithmic potential yields analytical vacuum solutions, four thermal history patterns, and supercooled FOPT gravitational waves whose signals combined with collider data can probe conformal scales to 10^5-10^8 GeV.
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Strong First-Order Electroweak Phase Transition and Gravitational Waves in a $\mathbb{Z}_4$ Fermion-Scalar Dark Matter Model
In a Z4 fermion-scalar dark matter model, strong first-order electroweak phase transitions and gravitational wave signals occur only in the thermal two-component regime with Mψ < MS < 2Mψ or the decay-driven WIMP-FIMP regime with MS > 2Mψ after dark matter constraints.
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Model Parameter Reconstruction of Electroweak Phase Transition with TianQin and LISA: Insights from the Dimension-Six Model
Simulations show TianQin and LISA can reconstruct the dimension-six model parameter Λ to sub-percent statistical precision for strong signals using Fisher, Bayesian sampling, and machine learning on data with noise and foregrounds.
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Bayesian analysis of the complex singlet model with phase transition gravitational waves
Bayesian forecasts for the Taiji detector constrain complex singlet model parameters through electroweak phase transition gravitational wave signals.