Annotation disagreement on toxic language can be moderately predicted from textual features, with high-opposition items proving harder for models to estimate accurately.
Whose opinions matter? perspective-aware models to identify opinions of hate speech victims in abusive language detection
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Quantifying and Predicting Disagreement in Graded Human Ratings
Annotation disagreement on toxic language can be moderately predicted from textual features, with high-opposition items proving harder for models to estimate accurately.