Using 2020 CIUS data, education remains the sole significant factor across all digital adoption stages; conditioning on measured digital literacy removes the entry gradient and cuts the banking gradient by 61 percent, while income, disability, and demographic penalties appear at specific rungs.
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Digital Divide: Evidence from the 2020 Canadian Internet Use Survey
Using 2020 CIUS data, education remains the sole significant factor across all digital adoption stages; conditioning on measured digital literacy removes the entry gradient and cuts the banking gradient by 61 percent, while income, disability, and demographic penalties appear at specific rungs.