Citation notice #74 · 2026-07-11 03:18:48.006995+00:00

Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task

cites X., Wei, Z., & Wen, J.-R, which carries a retraction notice dated 2026-04-22. One-hop deterministic notice: the citation edge exists in the Pith bibliography graph; no model judged whether the citation was load-bearing.

This is not a judgment on the citing paper.

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01Evidence

Raw extraction · citation context · bibliography index 20

creative skills. Similarly, students with lower confidence in their writing skills, lower 'self-efficacy for writing' (SEWS), tended to use ChatGPT more extensively, while higher-efficacy students were more selective in AI reliance [19]. We refer the reader to the meta-analysis [20] on the effect of ChatGPT on students' learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking. Web search and learning According to Turner and Rainie [21], '81 percent of Americans rely on information from the Internet 'a lot' when making important decisions,' many of

02Event

Type

Retraction

Source

Crossref

Original DOI

10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y

Notice DOI

10.1057/s41599-026-07310-z

Date

2026-04-22

Title

Retraction Note: The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis

Reasons

['Retraction']

Work

X., Wei, Z., & Wen, J.-R (2025)

Schema constants (for re-runners): retraction · crossref

03Dispute this notice

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