Theory Summary of the Hadron Structure and QCD Workshop 2008

This paper is the write-up version of the theory summary talk given at the HSQCD 2008 Workshop in Gatchina, Russia. Recent theoretical developments and results are summarized focusing on works that point out new perspectives, ranging from perturbative QCD, DGLAP and ERBL evolution, polarized and unpolarized parton distribution functions, small-x physics to nonperturbative QCD, lattice simulations, quark-gluon matter, hadron spectroscopy, and predictions for the LHC.