Splitting fields of characteristic polynomials of random elements in arithmetic groups

We discuss rather systematically the principle, implicit in earlier works, that for a "random" element in an arithmetic subgroup of a (split, say) reductive algebraic group over a number field, the splitting field of the characteristic polynomial, computed using any faitfhful representation, has Galois group isomorphic to the Weyl group of the underlying algebraic group. Besides tools such as the large sieve, which we had already used, we introduce some probabilistic ideas (large deviation estimates for finite Markov chains) and the general case involves a more precise understanding of the way Frobenius conjugacy classes are computed for such splitting fields (which is related to a map between regular elements of a finite group of Lie type and conjugacy classes in the Weyl group which had been considered earlier by Carter and Fulman for other purposes; we show in particular that the values of this map are equidistributed).