Observation of hysteretic phase-switching in silicon by piezoresponse force microscopy

We report the observation of $180^o$ phase switching on silicon wafers by piezo-response force microscopy (PFM). The switching is hysteretic and shows remarkable similarities with polarization switching in ferroelectrics. This is always accompanied by a hysteretic amplitude vs. voltage curve which resembles the "butterfly loops" for piezoelectric materials. From a detailed analysis of the data obtained under different environmental and experimental conditions, we show that the hysteresis effects in phase and amplitude do not originate from ferro-electricity or piezoelectricity. This further indicates that mere observation of hysteresis effects in PFM does not confirm the existence of ferroelectric and/or piezoelectric ordering in materials. We also show that when samples are mounted on silicon for PFM measurements, the switching properties of silicon may appear on the sample even if the sample thickness is large.