Secondary polygonal instability of buckled spherical shells

When a spherical elastic capsule is deflated, it first buckles axisymmetrically and subsequently loses its axisymmetry in a secondary instability, where the dimple acquires a polygonal shape. We explain this secondary polygonal buckling in terms of wrinkles developing at the inner side of the dimple edge in response to compressive hoop stress. Analyzing the axisymmetric buckled shape, we find a compressive hoop stress with parabolic stress profile at the dimple edge. We further show that there exists a critical value for this hoop stress, where it becomes favorable for the membrane to buckle out of its axisymmetric shape, thus releasing the compression. The instability mechanism is analogous to the formation of wrinkles under compressive stress. A simplified stability analysis allows us to quantify the critical stress for secondary buckling. Applying this secondary buckling criterion to the axisymmetric shapes, we can determine the critical volume for secondary buckling. Our analytical result is in close agreement with existing numerical data.