Equivariant Perturbation in Gomory and Johnson's Infinite Group Problem. III. Foundations for the k-Dimensional Case with Applications to k=2

We develop foundational tools for classifying the extreme valid functions for the k-dimensional infinite group problem. In particular, (1) we present the general regular solution to Cauchy's additive functional equation on bounded convex domains. This provides a k-dimensional generalization of the so-called interval lemma, allowing us to deduce affine properties of the function from certain additivity relations. (2) We study the discrete geometry of additivity domains of piecewise linear functions, providing a framework for finite tests of minimality and extremality. (3) We give a theory of non-extremality certificates in the form of perturbation functions. We apply these tools in the context of minimal valid functions for the two-dimensional infinite group problem that are piecewise linear on a standard triangulation of the plane, under the assumption of a regularity condition called diagonal constrainedness. We show that the extremality of a minimal valid function is equivalent to the extremality of its restriction to a certain finite two-dimensional group problem. This gives an algorithm for testing the extremality of a given minimal valid function.