Low Energy Continuum and Lattice Effective Field Theories

In the first part of the thesis we consider the constraints of causality and unitarity for particles interacting via strictly finite-range interactions. We generalize Wigner's causality bound to the case of non-vanishing partial-wave mixing. Specifically we analyze the system of the low-energy interactions between protons and neutrons. We also analyze low-energy scattering for systems with arbitrary short-range interactions plus an attractive $1/r^{\alpha}$ tail for $\alpha\geq2$. In particular, we focus on the case of $\alpha=6$ and we derive the constraints of causality and unitarity also for these systems and find that the van der Waals length scale dominates over parameters characterizing the short-distance physics of the interaction. This separation of scales suggests a separate universality class for physics characterizing interactions with an attractive $1/r^{6}$ tail. We argue that a similar universality class exists for any attractive potential $1/r^{\alpha}$ for $\alpha\geq2$. In the second part of the thesis we present lattice Monte Carlo calculations of fermion-dimer scattering in the limit of zero-range interactions using the adiabatic projection method. The adiabatic projection method uses a set of initial cluster states and Euclidean time projection to give a systematically improvable description of the low-lying scattering cluster states in a finite volume. We use L\"uscher's finite-volume relations to determine the $s$-wave, $p$-wave, and $d$-wave phase shifts. For comparison, we also compute exact lattice results using Lanczos iteration and continuum results using the Skorniakov-Ter-Martirosian equation. For our Monte Carlo calculations we use a new lattice algorithm called impurity lattice Monte Carlo. This algorithm can be viewed as a hybrid technique which incorporates elements of both worldline and auxiliary-field Monte Carlo simulations.