Traffic model by braking capability and response time

We propose a microscopic traffic model where the update velocity is determined by the deceleration capacity and response time. It is found that there is a class of collisions that cannot be distinguished by simply comparing the stop positions. The model generates the safe, comfortable, and efficient traffic flow in numerical simulations with the reasonable values of the parameters, and this is analytically supported. Our approach provides a new perspective in modeling the traffic-flow safety and the perturbing situations like lane change.