Monostable Superantiwettability

Superantiwettability, including superhydrophobicity, is an enhanced effect of surface ruggedness via the Cassie-Baxter wetting state, and has many applications such as antifouling, drop manipulation, and self-cleaning. However, superantiwettability is easily broken due to Cassie-Baxter to Wenzel wetting state transition caused by various environmental disturbances. Since all observed reverse transitions required energy inputs, it was believed that the Cassie-Baxter state couldn't be monostable. Here we show that there is a regime in the phase space of the receding contact angle and ruggedness parameters in which a Wenzel state can automatically transit into the Cassie-Baxter one without an external energy input, namely the Cassie-Baxter state in this regime is monostable. We further find a simple criterion that predicts very well experimentally observed Wenzel to Cassie-Baxter transitions for different liquids placed on various pillar-structured substrates. These results can be used as a guide for designing and engineering durable superantiwetting surfaces.