A Computational Model of YAP/TAZ Mechanosensing

In cell proliferation, stem cell differentiation, chemoresistance and tissue organization, the ubiquitous role of YAP/TAZ continues to impact our fundamental understanding in numerous physiological and disease systems. YAP/TAZ is an important signaling nexus integrating diverse mechanical and biochemical signals, such as ECM stiffness, adhesion ligand density, or cell-cell contacts, and thus strongly influences cell fate. Recent studies show that YAP/TAZ mechanical sensing is dependent on RhoA-regulated stress fibers. However, current understanding of YAP/TAZ still remains limited due to the unknown interaction between the canonical Hippo pathway and cell tension. To identify the roles of key signaling molecules in mechanical signal sensing and transduction, we present a novel computational model of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. This model converts ECM mechanical properties to biochemical signals via adhesion, and integrates intracellular signaling cascades associated with cytoskeleton dynamics. Adhesion molecules, such as FAK, are predicted to rescue YAP/TAZ activity in soft environments via the RhoA pathway. We found that changes of molecule concentrations result in different pattern of YAP/TAZ stiffness response. We also investigate the sensitivity of YAP/TAZ activity to ECM stiffness. In addition, the model shows that the unresolved synergistic effect of YAP/TAZ activity between the mechanosensing and the Hippo pathways can be explained by the interaction of LIMK and LATS. Overall, our model provides a novel platform for studying YAP/TAZ activity in the context of integrating different signaling pathways. This platform can be used to gain new fundamental insights into roles of key molecular and mechanical regulators on development, tissue engineering or tumor progression.