Machine-learning based interatomic potential for amorphous carbon

We introduce a Gaussian approximation potential (GAP) for atomistic simulations of liquid and amorphous elemental carbon. Based on a machine-learning representation of the density-functional theory (DFT) potential-energy surface, such interatomic potentials enable materials simulations with close-to DFT accuracy but at much lower computational cost. We first determine the maximum accuracy that any finite-range potential can achieve in carbon structures; then, using a novel hierarchical set of two-, three-, and many-body structural descriptors, we construct a GAP model that can indeed reach the target accuracy. The potential yields accurate energetic and structural properties over a wide range of densities; it also correctly captures the structure of the liquid phases, at variance with state-of-the-art empirical potentials. Exemplary applications of the GAP model to surfaces of "diamond-like" tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) are presented, including an estimate of the amorphous material's surface energy, and simulations of high-temperature surface reconstructions ("graphitization"). The new interatomic potential appears to be promising for realistic and accurate simulations of nanoscale amorphous carbon structures.