Beyond a=c: Gravitational Couplings to Matter and the Stress Tensor OPE

We derive constraints on the operator product expansion of two stress tensors in conformal field theories (CFTs), both generic and holographic. We point out that in large $N$ CFTs with a large gap to single-trace higher spin operators, the stress tensor sector is not only universal, but isolated: that is, $\langle TT{\cal O}\rangle=0$, where ${\cal O}\neq T$ is a single-trace primary. We show that this follows from a suppression of $\langle TT{\cal O}\rangle$ by powers of the higher spin gap, $\Delta_{\rm gap}$, dual to the bulk mass scale of higher spin particles, and explain why $\langle TT{\cal O}\rangle$ is a more sensitive probe of $\Delta_{\rm gap}$ than $a-c$ in 4d CFTs. This result implies that, on the level of cubic couplings, the existence of a consistent truncation to Einstein gravity is a direct consequence of the absence of higher spins. By proving similar behavior for other couplings $\langle T{\cal O}_1{\cal O}_2\rangle$ where ${\cal O}_i$ have spin $s_i\leq 2$, we are led to propose that $1/\Delta_{\rm gap}$ is the CFT "dual" of an AdS derivative in a classical action. These results are derived by imposing unitarity on mixed systems of spinning four-point functions in the Regge limit. Using the same method, but without imposing a large gap, we derive new inequalities on these three-point couplings that are valid in any CFT. These are generalizations of the Hofman-Maldacena conformal collider bounds. By combining the collider bound on $TT$ couplings to spin-2 operators with analyticity properties of CFT data, we argue that all three tensor structures of $\langle TTT\rangle$ in the free-field basis are nonzero in interacting CFTs.