Magnetocaloric properties of an inhomogeneous magnetic thin film of 7.6 nm La${}_{0.7}$Sr${}_{0.3}$MnO${}_{3}$ grown on SrTiO${}_{3.}$

Mikel B. Holcomb; Mohindar S. Seehra; Navid Mottaghi; Robbyn B. Trappen; Saeed Yousefi

arxiv: 1907.00125 · v1 · pith:Q7YVMNHAnew · submitted 2019-06-29 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Magnetocaloric properties of an inhomogeneous magnetic thin film of 7.6 nm La{}_(0.7)Sr{}_(0.3)MnO{}₃ grown on SrTiO{}_(3.)

Navid Mottaghi , Robbyn B. Trappen , Saeed Yousefi , Mohindar S. Seehra , Mikel B. Holcomb This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 13:19 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

keywords magnetocaloric effectthin filmLa0.7Sr0.3MnO3superparamagnetic phaseferromagnetic phaserelative cooling powermagnetic refrigerationmagnetic entropy change

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The pith

The 7.6 nm La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin film shows two peaks in magnetic entropy change at 220 K and 270 K from its superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic phases.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper examines the magnetocaloric effect in a thin film of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 that contains both superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. Measurements of isothermal magnetization reveal two distinct peaks in the magnetic entropy change, one near the blocking temperature of the superparamagnetic phase and one near the Curie temperature of the ferromagnetic phase. The relative cooling power reaches its highest value at 270 K under a 4 kOe field. These findings indicate that the film could serve in magnetic refrigeration devices that operate across multiple temperature ranges. A reader would care because such materials might enable more efficient or versatile cooling technologies without traditional refrigerants.

Core claim

Due to the co-existence of superparamagnetic (TB = 240 K) and ferromagnetic (TC = 290 K) phases in the 7.6 nm film, the temperature dependence of -ΔSM exhibits two peaks at 220 K and 270 K for applied fields from 1.3 kOe to 4 kOe. The highest RCP is 0.19 J/kg K at 270 K in 4 kOe. The -ΔSM data fit well to -ΔSM = a H^n across the temperature range, with n deviating from 2/3 likely due to SPM spin clusters in the dead layer.

What carries the argument

The two peaks in -ΔSM arising from the independent contributions of the SPM phase at TB and the FM phase at TC, confirmed by power-law fits showing deviation from n=2/3.

If this is right

The film produces two peaks in -ΔSM near TB and TC in fields up to 4 kOe.
The maximum RCP occurs at 270 K in the interval TB < T < TC.
The power law -ΔSM = a H^n fits the data over the full measured range from 100 K to 320 K.
Deviation of the exponent n from 2/3 is attributed to SPM spin clusters in the dead layer below TC.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The presence of multiple RCP peaks could allow the material to provide cooling over a wider temperature span than single-phase magnets.
Engineering the thickness or composition to control the dead layer might tune the relative strengths of the two peaks.
Similar inhomogeneous thin films on other substrates could be tested to isolate substrate strain effects on the observed peaks.

Load-bearing premise

The observed peaks in magnetic entropy change arise purely from the separate SPM and FM phases without major interference from the substrate or unmeasured magnetic interactions.

What would settle it

If a comparable film grown on a different substrate or with a removed dead layer showed only a single peak in -ΔSM instead of two, that would indicate the peaks are not solely from the two phases.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1907.00125 by Mikel B. Holcomb, Mohindar S. Seehra, Navid Mottaghi, Robbyn B. Trappen, Saeed Yousefi.

read the original abstract

Magnetocaloric properties of an inhomogeneous magnetic system of a 7.6 nm La${}_{0.7}$Sr${}_{0.3}$MnO${}_{3}$ consisting of superparamagnetic (SPM) with blocking temperature ( $T_B$ = 240 K) and ferromagnetic (FM) phases ( $T_C$ = 290 K) is studied by dc magnetization measurements. Isothermal magnetization versus applied magnetic field is carried out from 100 K to 320 K in magnetic fields up to 4 kOe to determine changes in the magnetic entropy ($-\Delta S_M$) and the relative cooling power (RCP). Due to the co-existence of SPM and FM phases, there are two peaks in the temperature dependence of$-\Delta S_M$ in different applied magnetic fields from 1.3 kOe to 4 kOe. The peaks are at 220 K and 270 K which are close $T_B$ and $T_C$ of the film. The highest RCP occurs at 270 K (which is in $T_B$ $\mathrm{<}$ $T$ $\mathrm{<}$ $T_C$) in H = 4 kOe with the value of 0.19 (J/kg K). The $-\Delta S_M$ vs T data are fit to the exponent power law, $-\Delta S_M=a H^n$ where it shows good fits for the whole measured temperature range. This analysis reveals a deviation of n from $n$ = 2/3 which is likely due to the presence of SPM spin clusters in the dead layer for $T$ $\mathrm{<}$ $T_C$. Results show that the thin film of La${}_{0.7}$Sr${}_{0.3}$MnO${}_{3}$ can be a good candidate for magnetic refrigeration devices with multiple RCP peaks in low and high temperatures.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This thin-film LSMO study adds a data point on two -ΔSM peaks but the link to independent SPM/FM phases rests on an assumption that substrate strain and dead-layer effects do not dominate.

read the letter

The main takeaway is that the authors measured isothermal magnetization on a 7.6 nm La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film on SrTiO3 from 100 K to 320 K up to 4 kOe, computed the magnetic entropy change, and found two peaks near 220 K and 270 K that sit close to the reported blocking and Curie temperatures. They also give an RCP value of 0.19 J/kg K at 4 kOe near 270 K and fit the field dependence to the usual power-law form, noting a deviation from n = 2/3 that they tie to superparamagnetic clusters in the dead layer. That dual-peak observation for this specific thickness is the concrete new piece relative to earlier LSMO film work. The data collection and standard entropy calculations are done competently and the fits are described as holding across the measured range. The paper is internally consistent in presenting the numbers and linking them to the two magnetic regimes already identified in the film. The soft spot is the causal claim. The abstract and analysis treat the peaks as direct signatures of the SPM and FM phases without testing whether STO substrate strain or interface dead-layer magnetism could produce similar temperature features on their own. LSMO/STO systems commonly show modified transitions from strain, and the manuscript does not include a thickness series or control samples that would separate those effects. The n-deviation argument is phenomenological rather than predictive, so it does not close the loop. This is a modest-scope experimental report that supplies one more set of numbers for people already working on manganite films or low-field refrigeration materials. Readers who need comparative RCP and entropy data at these thicknesses will find it useful. The work is coherent on its own terms and engages the literature without obvious internal contradictions, so it clears the bar for peer review. I would send it to referees with a request that the authors add a short discussion of possible substrate contributions.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports dc magnetization measurements on a 7.6 nm La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin film on SrTiO3, identifying coexisting superparamagnetic (TB = 240 K) and ferromagnetic (TC = 290 K) phases. Isothermal M(H) data from 100–320 K (up to 4 kOe) are used to extract –ΔSM(T,H) showing two peaks near 220 K and 270 K, with RCP reaching 0.19 J/kg K at 270 K under 4 kOe. The temperature dependence is fitted to the phenomenological form –ΔSM = a H^n; the extracted n deviates from 2/3 and is attributed to SPM clusters in a dead layer. The film is proposed as a candidate for magnetic refrigeration devices exhibiting multiple RCP peaks.

Significance. If the dual peaks are shown to arise from intrinsic SPM/FM coexistence rather than substrate or strain artifacts, the work would illustrate a thin-film magnetocaloric system with response over an extended temperature window at modest fields. The power-law analysis supplies a quantitative handle on inhomogeneity. The measurements themselves (broad T range, multiple fields) constitute a useful data set for this material class.

major comments (2)

[Abstract; power-law fits section] Abstract and the power-law fits section: the central claim that the two –ΔSM peaks arise solely from independent SPM (TB) and FM (TC) contributions, with n deviation due to SPM clusters in the dead layer, is load-bearing for the candidate status. No thickness series, alternative-substrate control, or local probe (e.g., XMCD or TEM) is described to exclude strain-induced dead-layer or substrate effects known to modify TC and produce apparent multiple transitions in LSMO/STO films.
[Abstract] Abstract: RCP values and peak positions are stated without reported uncertainties, error bars on M(H) data, or raw data tables; this prevents quantitative assessment of whether the two peaks are statistically resolved and whether the n deviation is significant relative to the standard 2/3 expectation.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract: inconsistent math-mode formatting for the temperature interval “T_B < T < T_C” and missing units on the RCP value (should be J kg^{-1} K^{-1}).
The manuscript would benefit from explicit comparison of the observed RCP (0.19 J kg^{-1} K^{-1} at 4 kOe) to literature values for bulk LSMO or other thin-film systems under comparable fields.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and the constructive comments. We respond to each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract; power-law fits section] Abstract and the power-law fits section: the central claim that the two –ΔSM peaks arise solely from independent SPM (TB) and FM (TC) contributions, with n deviation due to SPM clusters in the dead layer, is load-bearing for the candidate status. No thickness series, alternative-substrate control, or local probe (e.g., XMCD or TEM) is described to exclude strain-induced dead-layer or substrate effects known to modify TC and produce apparent multiple transitions in LSMO/STO films.

Authors: We agree that the manuscript does not include a thickness series, alternative-substrate controls, or local probes such as XMCD or TEM. The interpretation of the two peaks and the n deviation rests on the alignment of the –ΔSM features with the independently determined TB and TC from dc magnetization, together with the power-law analysis. We have revised the abstract and discussion sections to present the SPM/FM coexistence as a consistent explanation for the observed data rather than a sole or definitive attribution, and we explicitly note that strain or substrate effects cannot be excluded without additional experiments. revision: partial
Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: RCP values and peak positions are stated without reported uncertainties, error bars on M(H) data, or raw data tables; this prevents quantitative assessment of whether the two peaks are statistically resolved and whether the n deviation is significant relative to the standard 2/3 expectation.

Authors: We accept this point. The revised manuscript now includes error bars on the M(H) data, reported uncertainties on the RCP values and peak positions, and a statement on the statistical resolution of the two peaks. Raw data tables will be added as supplementary information. revision: yes

standing simulated objections not resolved

Absence of thickness series, alternative-substrate controls, or local probes to exclude strain-induced or substrate effects.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental data analysis with standard phenomenological fits

full rationale

The paper reports dc magnetization measurements, computes −ΔSM from isothermal M(H,T) curves, locates peaks near the independently measured TB and TC, and fits the field dependence to the standard phenomenological power law −ΔSM = a H^n. The exponent n is extracted from the data rather than predicted from first principles, and the deviation from 2/3 is interpreted as evidence for SPM clusters without any self-definitional loop or reduction of the central claim to a fitted input renamed as a prediction. No self-citations, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes imported from prior author work appear in the derivation chain; the RCP values and candidate status follow directly from the measured quantities.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard magnetocaloric analysis assumptions plus the interpretation that the observed peaks and n deviation arise from the stated SPM/FM coexistence; no new entities are postulated.

free parameters (2)

power-law exponent n
Fitted separately at each temperature to the -ΔSM vs H data; deviates from the expected 2/3 value and is used to support the SPM-cluster interpretation.
prefactor a
Fitted amplitude in -ΔSM = a H^n at each temperature.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Magnetic entropy change can be reliably computed from isothermal magnetization curves via the Maxwell relation without significant contributions from non-magnetic degrees of freedom or substrate effects.
Invoked when -ΔSM is extracted from the M(H,T) data and when peaks are assigned to the magnetic phases.
domain assumption The standard mean-field exponent n = 2/3 applies to a pure ferromagnet and any measured deviation is diagnostic of additional SPM clusters.
Used to interpret the fitted n values as evidence for the dead-layer SPM phase.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5940 in / 1780 out tokens · 44811 ms · 2026-05-25T13:19:54.003283+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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Magnetism in ultrathin film structures,

C. A. F. Vaz, J. A. C. Bland, and G. Lauhoff, “Magnetism in ultrathin film structures,” Reports Prog. Phys., vol. 71, no. 5, p. 56501, 2008

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Developments in magnetocaloric refrigeration,

E. Brück, “Developments in magnetocaloric refrigeration,” J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 38, no. 23, p. R381, 2005

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Baaziz, A

H. Baaziz, A. Tozri, E. Dhahri, and E. K. Hlil, Magnetocaloric properties of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3tunable by particle size and dimensionality, vol. 691. 2018

work page 2018

[4] [4]

Magnetic cooling near Curie temperatures above 300 K,

H. Oesterreicher and F. T. Parker, “Magnetic cooling near Curie temperatures above 300 K,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 55, no. 12. pp. 4334–4338, 1984

work page 1984

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Magnetocaloric effect in La<inf>0.67</inf>Sr<inf>0.33</inf>MnO<inf>3</inf> manganite above room temperature,

A. Rostamnejadi, M. Venkatesan, P. Kameli, H. Salamati, and J. M. D. Coey, “Magnetocaloric effect in La<inf>0.67</inf>Sr<inf>0.33</inf>MnO<inf>3</inf> manganite above room temperature,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 323, no. 16, pp. 2214–2218, 2011

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Structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of bilayer manganite La1.38Sr1.62Mn2O7,

Y. E. Yang et al., “Structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of bilayer manganite La1.38Sr1.62Mn2O7,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids, vol. 115, pp. 311–316, 2018

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Magnetocaloric effect and negative thermal expansion in hexagonal Fe doped MnNiGe compounds with a magnetoelastic AFM-FM-like transition,

K. Xu, Z. Li, E. Liu, H. Zhou, Y. Zhang, and C. Jing, “Magnetocaloric effect and negative thermal expansion in hexagonal Fe doped MnNiGe compounds with a magnetoelastic AFM-FM-like transition,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, p. 41675, Jan. 2017

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work page 2013

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Optimized fabrication of high-quality La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 thin films considering all essential characteristics,

H. Boschker et al., “Optimized fabrication of high-quality La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 thin films considering all essential characteristics,” J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys., vol. 44, no. 20, p. 205001, 2011

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Impression of magnetic clusters, critical behavior and magnetocaloric effect in Fe3Al alloys,

S. Dash et al., “Impression of magnetic clusters, critical behavior and magnetocaloric effect in Fe3Al alloys,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019

work page 2019

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Observation and interpretation of negative remanent magnetization and inverted hysteresis loops in a thin film of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3,

N. Mottaghi et al., “Observation and interpretation of negative remanent magnetization and inverted hysteresis loops in a thin film of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 30, no. 40, p. 405804, 2018

work page 2018

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Inverted hysteresis loops observed in a randomly distributed cobalt nanoparticle system,

J. Yang et al., “Inverted hysteresis loops observed in a randomly distributed cobalt nanoparticle system,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 78, no. 9, p. 94415, Sep. 2008

work page 2008

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Insights into the magnetic dead layer in La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 thin films from temperature, magnetic field and thickness dependence of their magnetization,

N. Mottaghi et al., “Insights into the magnetic dead layer in La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 thin films from temperature, magnetic field and thickness dependence of their magnetization,” AIP Adv., vol. 8, no. 5, p. 056319, 2018

work page 2018

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Review of the magnetocaloric effect in manganite materials,

M.-H. Phan and S.-C. Yu, “Review of the magnetocaloric effect in manganite materials,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 308, no. 2, pp. 325–340, 2007

work page 2007

[15] [16]

Magnetocaloric effect in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 manganite above room temperature,

A. Rostamnejadi, M. Venkatesan, P. Kameli, H. Salamati, and J. M. D. Coey, “Magnetocaloric effect in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 manganite above room temperature,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater., vol. 323, no. 16, pp. 2214–2218, 2011

work page 2011

[16] [17]

Enhanced magnetocaloric effect in Ni-Mn-Sn- Co alloys with two successive magnetostructural transformations,

X. Zhang, H. Zhang, M. Qian, and L. Geng, “Enhanced magnetocaloric effect in Ni-Mn-Sn- Co alloys with two successive magnetostructural transformations,” Sci. Rep., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 8235, 2018

work page 2018

[17] [18]

Structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of 0.75La0.6Ca0.4MnO3/0.25La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 nanocomposite manganite,

M. Jeddi, H. Gharsallah, M. Bekri, E. Dhahri, and E. K. Hlil, “Structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of 0.75La0.6Ca0.4MnO3/0.25La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 nanocomposite manganite,” RSC Adv., vol. 8, no. 50, pp. 28649–28659, 2018

work page 2018

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Magnetic field dependence of magnetic entropy change in nanocrystalline and polycrystalline manganites La1-xMxMnO3 (M=Ca, Sr),

P. Marek, “Magnetic field dependence of magnetic entropy change in nanocrystalline and polycrystalline manganites La1-xMxMnO3 (M=Ca, Sr),” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 108, no. 11, 2010

work page 2010

[19] [20]

Magnetocaloric Materials,

K. A. Gschneidner and V. K. Pecharsky, “Magnetocaloric Materials,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 387–429, Aug. 2000

work page 2000