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The Cosmic Evolution of Binary Black Holes in Young, Globular and Nuclear Star Clusters: Rates, Masses, Spins and Mixing Fractions

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arxiv 2109.06222 v2 pith:MPAO32QV submitted 2021-09-13 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.GAastro-ph.SRgr-qc

classification astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GAastro-ph.SRgr-qc
keywords bbhsclustersnscsyscsbinaryblackchannelscosmic
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

The growing population of binary black holes (BBHs) observed by gravitational wave detectors is a potential Rosetta stone for understanding their formation channels. Here, we use an upgraded version of our semi-analytic codes {\sc fastcluster} and {\sc cosmo$\mathcal{R}$ate} to investigate the cosmic evolution of four different BBH populations: isolated BBHs and dynamically formed BBHs in nuclear star clusters (NSCs), globular clusters (GCs), and young star clusters (YSCs). With our approach, we can study different channels assuming the same stellar and binary input physics. We find that the merger rate density of BBHs in GCs and NSCs is barely affected by stellar metallicity ($Z$), while the rate of isolated BBHs changes wildly with $Z$. BBHs in YSCs behave in an intermediate way between isolated and GC/NSC BBHs. The local merger rate density of Nth-generation black holes (BHs), obtained by summing up hierarchical mergers in GCs, NSCs and YSCs, ranges from $\sim{1}$ to $\sim{4}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ and is mostly sensitive to the spin parameter. We find that the mass function of primary BHs evolves with redshift in GCs and NSCs, becoming more top-heavy at higher $z$. In contrast, the primary BH mass function almost does not change with redshift in YSCs and in the field. This signature of the BH mass function has relevant implications for Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. Finally, our analysis suggests that multiple channels contribute to the BBH population of the second gravitational-wave transient catalog.

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Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. A Four-dimensional Model-agnostic Probe into the Astrophysical Origins of Binary Black Hole Subpopulations

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A GPU-accelerated binned Gaussian process yields the first model-agnostic 4D BBH population in (m1, q, χeff, χp), revealing four mass-based subpopulations and new spin-mass-ratio correlations.

  2. Constraints on Line-of-Sight Acceleration from O1-O4

    astro-ph.HE 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    All known compact binary mergers show line-of-sight accelerations consistent with zero under a new time-domain Doppler-shift model, with current detectors only sensitive to high-acceleration scenarios.

  3. Unified remnant models for aligned-spin, precessing, and eccentric binary black hole mergers

    gr-qc 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    New analytic fits, gwModelRemS/P, predict remnant mass, spin, luminosity, and kick for black hole mergers from equal mass to q=1000, with a neural-flow model for precessing kicks.

  4. Assessing the Impact of Instrumental Requirements on the Scientific Performance of the Einstein Telescope

    astro-ph.IM 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    Degrading the Einstein Telescope's sensitivity in specific frequency bands hurts different science goals in predictable ways, but the mission remains scientifically strong even in the worst modelled cases.

  5. Formation of rotating supergiants via stellar mergers in dense clusters: Implications for black hole natal spins

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Stellar mergers with mass ratio q≳0.3 in young clusters can produce blue-supergiant progenitors that leave black holes with dimensionless spins a≃0.5–0.8, reducing post-merger retention and hierarchical-merger rates.

  6. Prospect for Detection of Strongly Lensed Multi-messenger Signals of Binary Neutron Star Mergers

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Future CE+ET detectors may detect lensed BNS kilonovae at ~0.5/yr via pointed follow-up of known galaxy lenses, while lensed sGRBs and afterglows remain rare or undetectable with current-generation facilities.

  7. A Possible Triple Formation Scenario of Binary Black Hole Merge With One In Pair-instability Supernova Mass Gap

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    An isolated hierarchical triple channel with chemically homogeneous evolution and triple common envelope can produce PISN mass-gap BBH mergers matching GW190706 at ~22% of the observed rate.

  8. Analysis and simulations of binary black hole merger spins -- the question of spin-axis tossing at black hole formation

    astro-ph.HE 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Simulated effective-spin distributions match LVK O1-O3 data for isolated binaries only when black hole spin axes are tossed at formation, or if roughly 72% of mergers have a dynamical origin.

  9. Upper Limits on the Isotropic Gravitational-Wave Background from the first part of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA's fourth Observing Run

    gr-qc 2025-08 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

    No gravitational-wave background is detected in O1-O4a data; the new CBC-spectrum limit Ω_GW(25 Hz) = 2.0×10^-9 (95%) is 1.7x tighter and remains roughly 2-3x above the GWTC-4-predicted astrophysical background of 0.9×10^-9.

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