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EarthPT: a time series foundation model for Earth Observation

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arxiv 2309.07207 v2 pith:BKO3MWU3 submitted 2023-09-13 cs.LG physics.geo-ph

classification cs.LGphysics.geo-ph
keywords earthptmodelsobservationdemonstrateearthfoundationfuturelarge
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We introduce EarthPT -- an Earth Observation (EO) pretrained transformer. EarthPT is a 700 million parameter decoding transformer foundation model trained in an autoregressive self-supervised manner and developed specifically with EO use-cases in mind. We demonstrate that EarthPT is an effective forecaster that can accurately predict future pixel-level surface reflectances across the 400-2300 nm range well into the future. For example, forecasts of the evolution of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) have a typical error of approximately 0.05 (over a natural range of -1 -> 1) at the pixel level over a five month test set horizon, out-performing simple phase-folded models based on historical averaging. We also demonstrate that embeddings learnt by EarthPT hold semantically meaningful information and could be exploited for downstream tasks such as highly granular, dynamic land use classification. Excitingly, we note that the abundance of EO data provides us with -- in theory -- quadrillions of training tokens. Therefore, if we assume that EarthPT follows neural scaling laws akin to those derived for Large Language Models (LLMs), there is currently no data-imposed limit to scaling EarthPT and other similar `Large Observation Models.'

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Agentic AI for Remote Sensing: Technical Challenges and Research Directions

    cs.CV 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Agentic AI faces structural challenges in remote sensing due to geospatial data properties and workflow constraints, requiring EO-native agents built around structured state, tool-aware reasoning, and validity-aware e...

  2. TESSERA: Temporal Embeddings of Surface Spectra for Earth Representation and Analysis

    cs.LG 2025-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    TESSERA learns robust label-efficient embeddings from irregular multi-modal EO time series via Barlow Twins plus global shuffling and mix-based regularizers, delivering SOTA accuracy on classification, segmentation an...

  3. Agentic AI for Remote Sensing: Technical Challenges and Research Directions

    cs.CV 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Agentic AI for remote sensing requires new designs centered on structured geospatial state, tool-aware reasoning, verifier-guided execution, and physical validity rather than generic extensions.

  4. Unlocking Multi-Spectral Data for Multi-Modal Models with Guided Inputs and Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

    cs.CV 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A prompting-based adaptation technique lets RGB-trained LMMs process multi-spectral inputs and deliver strong zero-shot gains on remote-sensing benchmarks.

  5. SHRUG-FM: Reliability-Aware Foundation Models for Earth Observation

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    SHRUG-FM fuses geophysical OOD detection, embedding-space OOD detection, and predictive uncertainty via a shallow decision tree to let foundation models abstain from unreliable outputs on burn scar, flood, and landsli...

  6. Agentic AI for Remote Sensing: Technical Challenges and Research Directions

    cs.CV 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    Position paper identifies structural challenges in applying generic agentic AI to Earth Observation and outlines design principles for EO-native agents focused on geospatial state and validity.

  7. Earth Science Foundation Models: From Perception to Reasoning and Discovery

    astro-ph.IM 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    The paper delivers a unified review and roadmap of Earth science foundation models, structured by capability depth from perception to agentic reasoning and by application breadth across atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithos...

  8. Earth Science Foundation Models: From Perception to Reasoning and Discovery

    astro-ph.IM 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

    A review of Earth science foundation models covering capability evolution from perception to discovery, applications across atmosphere/hydrosphere/lithosphere/biosphere/anthroposphere/cryosphere, over 200 datasets, an...

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